From the 1930s, a strong Tamil print culture began to evolve in Singapore and the region, contributing to the development of the Indian community’s cultural identity. The circulation of journals and other print media such as Tamilaham (published in 1922) spread sub-ethnic nationalist consciousness amongst Tamils in Singapore. Other Tamil newspapers such as Tamil Nesan, Tamil Murasu, Munnetram and Seerthirutham provided socio-political commentaries and propagated reforms.
