This is the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya in Chinese. The Federation of Malaya (1948) replaced the unpopular Malayan Union (1946). Under this 1948 Constitution, non-Malays were given federal citizenship but under much stricter conditions than under the Malayan Union. Conditions for citizenship required the non-Malays to have lived in the Peninsula for at least 15 years and to be fluent in Malay or English. This was definitely a step towards equality, as before, alien-born non-Malays had no political status in Malaya.
